Siegmar Fricke started his first musical experiments in 1981 using tape-recorders and shortwave-radio signals to create collages of musique-concrète that has been recorded on various cassettes. After intense activities in the European tape-scene between 1985 and 1993 Siegmar Fricke founded the project Efficient Refineries together with Miguel A. Ruiz from Madrid (Orfeon Gagarin, Ventral Metaphor) who is already active in the Spanish electronic scene since the 80s. Several collaboration-projects with Italian sound-artists Maurizio Bianchi and Giancarlo Toniutti were realized as well.

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